2003-05-28  Bradley M. Kuhn  <bkuhn@fsf.org>

	* gpl-business.tex (section{An Ecosystem of Equality}): Started

	section.

	(subsection{The Non-Commercial Ecosystem}): Wrote subsection.

	(subsection{The Commercial Ecosystem}): Wrote subsection.

	(subsection{Law Analogy}): Wrote subsection.

2003-05-27  Bradley M. Kuhn  <bkuhn@fsf.org>

	* gpl-business.tex (section{How Does Software Become Free?}):

	Finished section.

	(subsection{Public Domain Software}): Wrote section.

2003-05-26  Bradley M. Kuhn  <bkuhn@fsf.org>

	* gpl-business.tex (subsection{The Freedom to Copy and Share}):

	Wrote subsection.

	(subsection{The Freedom to Share Improvements}): Wrote subsection.

	(section{How Does Software Become Free?}): Started section.

2003-05-25  Bradley M. Kuhn  <bkuhn@fsf.org>

	* gpl-business.tex (subsection{The Freedom to Change and Modify}):

	Wrote subsection.

2003-05-24  Bradley M. Kuhn  <bkuhn@fsf.org>

	* gpl-business.tex (section{The Free Software Definition}):

	Started section.

	(subsection{The Freedom to Run}): Wrote subsection.

2003-05-23  Bradley M. Kuhn  <bkuhn@fsf.org>

	* gpl-business.tex (chapter{The GNU General Public License}):

	Formatted GPL for LaTeX.

	Added abstract from website into document.

	(chapter{What Is Free Software?}): Began chapter.

This condition on law extends beyond the work of a legislature.  Think

about the practice of law in American courts.  Lawyers are hired by their

clients to advance their clients' interests. Sometimes that interest is

advanced through litigation. In the course of this litigation, lawyers

write briefs.  These briefs in turn affect opinions written by judges.

These opinions decide who wins a particular case, or whether a certain law

can stand consistently with a constitution.

All the material in this process is free in the sense that Stallman means.

Legal briefs are open and free for others to use.  The arguments are

transparent (which is different from saying they are good) and the

reasoning can be taken without the permission of the original lawyers.

The opinions they produce can be quoted in later briefs.  They can be

copied and integrated into another brief or opinion.  The ``source code''

for American law is by design, and by principle, open and free for anyone

to take. And take lawyers do---for it is a measure of a great brief that

it achieves its creativity through the reuse of what happened before.  The

source is free; creativity and an economy is built upon it.

This economy of free code (and here I mean free legal code) doesn't starve

lawyers.  Law firms have enough incentive to produce great briefs even

though the stuff they build can be taken and copied by anyone else.  The

lawyer is a craftsman; his or her product is public.  Yet the crafting is

not charity.  Lawyers get paid; the public doesn't demand such work

without price.  Instead this economy flourishes, with later work added to

the earlier.

We could imagine a legal practice that was different---briefs and

arguments that were kept secret; rulings that announced a result but not

the reasoning.  Laws that were kept by the police but published to no one

else.  Regulation that operated without explaining its rule.

We could imagine this society, but we could not imagine calling it

``free.''  Whether or not the incentives in such a society would be better

or more efficiently allocated, such a society could not be known as free.

The ideals of freedom, of life within a free society, demand more than

efficient application.  Instead, openness and transparency are the

constraints within which a legal system gets built, not options to be

added if convenient to the leaders.  Life governed by software code should

be no less.

Code writing is not litigation.  It is better, richer, more

productive. But the law is an obvious instance of how creativity and

incentives do not depend upon perfect control over the products created.

Like jazz, or novels, or architecture, the law gets built upon the work

that went before. This adding and changing is what creativity always is.

And a free society is one that assures that its most important resources

remain free in just this sense.\footnote{This quotation is Copyright

\end{quotation}

In essence, lawyers are paid to service the shared commons of legal

infrastructure.  Few defend themselves in court or write their own briefs

(even though they legally permitted to do so) because everyone would

prefer to have an expert do that job.

The Free Software economy is a market that is ripe for experts.  It

functions similarly to other well established professional fields like the

law.  The GPL, in turn, serves as the legal scaffolding that permits the

creation of this vibrant commercial and non-commercial Free Software

economy.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\chapter{Copying, Modifying and Redistributing}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\chapter{Defending Freedom On Many Fronts}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\chapter{Odds, Ends, and Absolutely No Warranty}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\chapter{Business Models, Internal Use, and Compliance}

\appendix

\chapter{The GNU General Public License}

\begin{center}

{\parindent 0in

Version 2, June 1991

Copyright \copyright\ 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

\bigskip

59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA

\bigskip

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

}

\end{center}

\begin{center}

{\bf\large Preamble}

\end{center}

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to

share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public License is

intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software---to

make sure the software is free for all its users.  This General Public

License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to

any other program whose authors commit to using it.  (Some other Free

Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public

License instead.)  You can apply it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price.

Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the

freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service

if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it,

that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs;

and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to

deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.  These

restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you

distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or

for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have.  You

must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code.  And

you must show them these terms so they know their rights.

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2)

offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,

distribute and/or modify the software.

Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that

everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software.  If

the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its

recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any

problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors'

reputations.

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents.

We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will

individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program

proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must

be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and

modification follow.

\begin{center}

{\Large \sc Terms and Conditions For Copying, Distribution and

  Modification}

\end{center}

%\renewcommand{\theenumi}{\alpha{enumi}}

\begin{enumerate}

\addtocounter{enumi}{-1}

This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice

placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the

terms of this General Public License.  The ``Program'', below, refers to

any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' means either

the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a

work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with

modifications and/or translated into another language.  (Hereinafter,

translation is included without limitation in the term ``modification''.)

Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not

covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of

running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program

is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the

Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).

Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

\item You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source

  code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously

  and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice

  and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to

  this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other

  recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you

may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

\item

You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion

of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and

distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1

above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

\begin{enumerate}

You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that

you changed the files and the date of any change.

\item

You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in

whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any

part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third

parties under the terms of this License.

\item

If the modified program normally reads commands interactively

when run, you must cause it, when started running for such

interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an

announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a

notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide

a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under

these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this

License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but

does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on

the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

\end{enumerate}

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If

identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,

and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in

themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those

sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you

distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based

on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of

this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the

entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest

your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to

exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or

collective works based on the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program

with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of

a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under

the scope of this License.

\item

You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,