Changeset - e0e2e3d0400f
[Not reviewed]
0 1 2
John Sullivan - 20 years ago 2004-08-20 23:25:45
johns@fsf.org
Added new version of seminar materials and FSF logo for cover.
3 files changed with 3021 insertions and 0 deletions:
0 comments (0 inline, 0 general)
Case-Study-Ethics/case-study-ethics.pdf
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Case-Study-Ethics/fsf-logo.eps
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sJc6$j[7K#n."I#RUkD#n$V;!Y#>dJ,~>
 
%%EndData
 
showpage
 
%%Trailer
 
end
 
%%EOF
Case-Study-Ethics/new-case-study-ethics.tex
Show inline comments
 
new file 100644
 
%      Tutorial Text for the Detailed Study and Analysis of GPL and LGPL course
 
%
 
% Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 

	
 
% Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire document is permitted in
 
% any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
 

	
 
\documentclass[11pt]{book}
 
% FILTER_PS:  \input{generate-ps-file}
 
% FILTER_PDF: \input{generate-pdf-file}
 
% FILTER_HTML: \input{generate-html-file}
 
% NOT FOUND \input{one-inch-margins}
 
\usepackage{enumerate}
 
\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
 
%\setlength\parskip{0.7em}
 
%\setlength\parindent{0pt}
 

	
 
\newcommand{\defn}[1]{\emph{#1}}
 

	
 
%\pagestyle{empty}
 

	
 
\begin{document}
 

	
 
\frontmatter
 

	
 
\begin{titlepage}
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 

	
 
%\vspace{.5in}
 
\vfill
 

	
 
\includegraphics{fsf-logo.eps}
 

	
 
\vfill
 

	
 
{\Large
 
{\sc GPL Compliance Case Studies} \\
 

	
 
\vfill
 

	
 
%\vspace{.7in}
 

	
 
% \vspace{.3in}
 

	
 
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA \\
 
\vspace{.1in}
 
Wednesday, 25 August 2004
 
}
 

	
 
% \vspace{.7in}
 
\vfill
 

	
 
{\large
 
Bradley M. Kuhn
 

	
 
Executive Director
 

	
 
Free Software Foundation
 
}
 

	
 
\vspace{.3in}
 

	
 

	
 
{\large
 
Daniel Ravicher
 

	
 
Senior Counsel 
 

	
 
Free Software Foundation
 

	
 
President and Executive Director
 

	
 
Public Patent Foundation
 

	
 
}
 

	
 
\end{center}
 

	
 
\vfill
 

	
 
{\parindent 0in
 
Copyright \copyright{} 2003, 2004 \hspace{.2in} Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 

	
 
\vspace{.3in}
 

	
 
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire document is permitted in
 
any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
 
}
 

	
 
\end{titlepage}
 

	
 
\pagestyle{plain}
 

	
 
\pagenumbering{roman}
 

	
 
\chapter*{GPL Compliance Case Studies}
 

	
 
\textit{Stanford University, Stanford, CA 25 August 2004}
 

	
 
\begin{tabular}[t]{ll}
 
09:00 - 09:25 & Registration / Check-in / Continental Breakfast\\
 
&\\
 
09:25 - 09:30 & Welcome\\
 
&\\
 
09:30 - 09:45 & Overview of FSF's GPL Compliance Lab\\
 
&\textit{Bradley M. Kuhn}\\
 
&\\
 
09:45 - 10:40 & GPL Violation Case Study A\\
 
&\textit{Bradley M. Kuhn}\\
 
&\\
 
10:40 - 11:00 & GPL Violation Case Study B\\
 
&\textit{Bradley M. Kuhn}\\
 
&\\
 
11:00 - 11:10 & Q \& A\\
 
&\\
 
11:10 - 11:20 & Break\\
 
&\\
 
11:20 - 11:50 & GPL Violation Case Study C\\
 
&\textit{Bradley M. Kuhn}\\
 
&\\
 
11:50 - 12:10 & GPL Violation Case Study D\\
 
&\textit{Bradley M. Kuhn}\\
 
&\\
 
12:10 - 12:20 & Good Practices for GPL Compliance\\
 
&\textit{Bradley M. Kuhn}\\
 
&\\
 
\end{tabular}
 

	
 
\begin{tabular}[t]{ll}
 
12:20 - 12:30 & Q \& A\\
 
&\\
 
12:30 - 14:00 & Lunch and Lecture ``GPL 3: Prospects and Process''\\
 
& \textit{Prof. Eben Moglen}\\
 
&\\
 

	
 
14:00 - 15:40 & Ethical Considerations and Legal Practices\\
 
&\textit{Daniel Ravicher}\\
 
&\\
 
15:40 - 15:50 & Q \& A\\
 
&\\
 
15:50 - 16:00 & Break\\
 
&\\
 
16:00 - 17:30 & Current Issues in Free Software\\
 
& \textit{Prof. Eben Moglen}\\
 
&\\
 
17:30 - 18:00 & Q \& A\\
 
\end{tabular}
 

	
 
\pagebreak
 

	
 
% =====================================================================
 
% START OF SECOND DAY SEMINAR SECTION
 
% =====================================================================
 

	
 
\chapter*{Preface}
 

	
 
This one-day course presents the details of five different GPL
 
compliance cases handled by FSF's GPL Compliance Laboratory. Each case
 
offers unique insights into problems that can arise when the terms of
 
GPL are not properly followed, and how diplomatic negotiation between
 
the violator and the copyright holder can yield positive results for
 
both parties.
 

	
 
Attendees should have successfully completely the course, a ``Detailed
 
Study and Analysis of the GPL and LGPL,'' as the material from that
 
course forms the building blocks for this material.
 

	
 
This course is of most interest to lawyers who have clients or
 
employers that deal with Free Software on a regular basis. However,
 
technical managers and executives whose businesses use or distribute
 
Free Software will also find the course very helpful.
 

	
 
\bigskip
 

	
 
These course materials are merely a summary of the highlights of the
 
course presented. Please be aware that during the actual GPL course, class
 
discussion supplements this printed curriculum. Simply reading it is
 
not equivalent to attending the course.
 

	
 
\tableofcontents
 

	
 
\mainmatter
 

	
 
\pagenumbering{arabic}
 

	
 
\chapter{Overview of FSF's GPL Compliance Lab}
 

	
 
The GPL is a Free Software license with legal teeth. Unlike licenses like
 
the X11-style or various BSD licenses, GPL (and by extension, the LGPL) is
 
designed to defend as well as grant freedom. We saw in the last course
 
that GPL uses copyright law as a mechanism to grant all the key freedoms
 
essential in Free Software, but also to ensure that those freedoms
 
propagate throughout the distribution chain of the software.
 

	
 
\section{Termination Begins Enforcement}
 

	
 
As we have learned, the assurance that Free Software under GPL remains
 
Free Software is accomplished through various terms of GPL: \S 3 ensures
 
that binaries are always accompanied with source; \S 2 ensures that the
 
sources are adequate, complete and usable; \S 6 and \S 7 ensure that the
 
license of the software is always GPL for everyone, and that no other
 
legal agreements or licenses trump GPL. It is \S 4, however, that ensures
 
that the GPL can be enforced.
 

	
 
Thus, \S 4 is where we begin our discussion of GPL enforcement. This
 
clause is where the legal teeth of the license are rooted. As a copyright
 
license, GPL governs only the activities governed by copyright law ---
 
copying, modifying and redistributing computer software. Unlike most
 
copyright licenses, GPL gives wide grants of permission for engaging with
 
these activities. Such permissions continue, and all parties may exercise
 
them until such time as one party violates the terms of GPL\@. At the
 
moment of such a violation (i.e., the engaging of copying, modifying or
 
redistributing in ways not permitted by GPL) \S 4 is invoked. While other
 
parties may continue to operate under GPL, the violating party loses their
 
rights.
 

	
 
Specifically, \S 4 terminates the violators' rights to continue
 
engaging in the permissions that are otherwise granted by GPL\@.
 
Effectively, their rights revert to the copyright defaults ---
 
no permission is granted to copy, modify, nor redistribute the work.
 
Meanwhile, \S 5 points out that if the violator has no rights under
 
GPL, they are prohibited by copyright law from engaging in the
 
activities of copying, modifying and distributing. They have lost
 
these rights because they have violated the GPL, and no other license
 
gives them permission to engage in these activities governed by copyright law.
 

	
 
\section{Ongoing Violations}
 

	
 
In conjunction with \S 4's termination of violators' rights, there is
 
one final industry fact added to the mix: rarely, does one engage in a
 
single, solitary act of copying, distributing or modifying software.
 
Almost always, a violator will have legitimately acquired a copy of a
 
GPL'd program, either making modifications or not, and then begun
 
distributing that work. For example, the violator may have put the
 
software in boxes and sold them at stores. Or perhaps the software
 
was put up for download on the Internet. Regardless of the delivery
 
mechanism, violators almost always are engaged in {\em ongoing\/}
 
violation of GPL\@.
 

	
 
In fact, when we discover a GPL violation that occurred only once --- for
 
example, a user group who distributed copies of a GNU/Linux system without
 
source at one meeting --- we rarely pursue it with a high degree of
 
tenacity. In our minds, such a violation is an educational problem, and
 
unless the user group becomes a repeat offender (as it turns out, they
 
never do), we simply forward along a FAQ entry that best explains how user
 
groups can most easily comply with GPL, and send them on their merry way.
 

	
 
It is only the cases of {\em ongoing\/} GPL violation that warrant our
 
active attention. We vehemently pursue those cases where dozens, hundreds
 
or thousands of customers are receiving software that is out of
 
compliance, and where the company continually offers for sale (or
 
distributes gratis as a demo) software distributions that include GPL'd
 
components out of compliance. Our goal is to maximize the impact of
 
enforcement and educate industries who are making such a mistake on a
 
large scale.
 

	
 
In addition, such ongoing violation shows that a particular company is
 
committed to a GPL'd product line. We are thrilled to learn that someone
 
is benefiting from Free Software, and we understand that sometimes they
 
become confused about the rules of the road. Rather than merely
 
giving us a post mortem to perform on a past mistake, an ongoing violation
 
gives us an active opportunity to educate a new contributor to the GPL'd
 
commons about proper procedures to contribute to the community.
 

	
 
Our central goal is not, in fact, to merely clear up a particular violation.
 
In fact, over time, we hope that our compliance lab will be out of
 
business. We seek to educate the businesses that engage in commerce
 
related to GPL'd software to obey the rules of the road and allow them to
 
operate freely under them. Just as a traffic officer would not revel in
 
reminding people which side of the road to drive on, so we do not revel in
 
violations. By contrast, we revel in the successes of educating an
 
ongoing violator about GPL so that GPL compliance becomes a second-nature
 
matter, allowing that company to join the GPL ecosystem as a contributor.
 

	
 
\section{How are Violations Discovered?}
 

	
 
Our enforcement of GPL is not a fund-raising effort; in fact, FSF's GPL
 
Compliance Lab runs at a loss (in other words, it is subsided by our
 
donors). Our violation reports come from volunteers, who have encountered,
 
in their business or personal life, a device or software product that
 
appears to contain GPL'd software. These reports are almost always sent
 
via email to $<$license-violation@fsf.org$>$.
 

	
 
Our first order of business, upon receiving such a report, is to seek
 
independent confirmation. When possible, we get a copy of the software
 
product. For example, if it is an offering that is downloadable from a
 
Web site, we download it and investigate ourselves. When it is not
 
possible for us to actually get a copy of the software, we ask the
 
reporter to go through the same process we would use in examining the
 
software.
 

	
 
By rough estimation, about 95\% of violations at this stage can be
 
confirmed by simple commands. Almost all violators have merely made an
 
error and have no nefarious intentions. They have made no attempt to
 
remove our copyright notices from the software. Thus, given the
 
third-party binary, {\tt tpb}, usually, a simple command (on a GNU/Linux
 
system) such as the following will find a Free Software copyright notice
 
and GPL reference:
 
\begin{quotation}
 
{\tt strings tpb | grep Copyright}
 
\end{quotation}
 
In other words, it is usually more than trivial to confirm that GPL'd
 
software is included.
 

	
 
Once we have confirmed that a violation has indeed occurred, we must then
 
determine whose copyright has been violated. Contrary to popular belief,
 
FSF does not have the power to enforce GPL in all cases. Since GPL
 
operates under copyright law, the powers of enforcement --- to seek
 
redress once \S 4 has been invoked --- lie with the copyright holder of
 
the software. FSF is one of the largest copyright holders in the world of
 
GPL'd software, but we are by no means the only one. Thus, we sometimes
 
discover that while GPL'd code is present in the software, there is no
 
software copyrighted by FSF present.
 

	
 
In cases where FSF does not hold copyright interest in the software, but
 
we have confirmed a violation, we contact the copyright holders of the
 
software, and encourage them to enforce GPL\@. We offer our good offices
 
to help negotiate compliance on their behalf, and many times, we help as a
 
third party to settle such GPL violations. However, what we will describe
 
primarily in this course is FSF's first-hand experience enforcing its own
 
copyrights and GPL\@.
 

	
 
\section{First Contact}
 

	
 
The Free Software community is built on a structure of voluntary
 
cooperation and mutual help. Our community has learned that cooperation
 
works best when you assume the best of others, and only change policy,
 
procedures and attitudes when some specific event or occurrence indicates
 
that a change is necessary. We treat the process of GPL enforcement in
 
the same way. Our goal is to encourage violators to join the cooperative
 
community of software sharing, so we want to open our hand in friendship.
 

	
 
Therefore, once we have confirmed a violation, our first assumption is
 
that the violation is an oversight or otherwise a mistake due to confusion
 
about the terms of the license. We reach out to the violator and ask them
 
to work with us in a collaborative way to bring the product into
 
compliance. We have received the gamut of possible reactions to such
 
requests, and in this course, we examine four specific examples of such
 
compliance work.
 

	
 

	
 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 
\chapter{Davrik: Modified GCC SDK}
 

	
 
In our first case study, we will consider Davrik, a company that
 
produces software and hardware toolkits to assist OEM vendors, makers
 
of consumer electronic devices.
 

	
 
\section{Facts}
 

	
 
One of Davrik's key products is a Software Development Kit (``SDK'')
 
designed to assist developers building software for a specific class of
 
consumer electronics devices.
 

	
 
FSF received a report that the SDK may be based on the GNU Compiler
 
Collection (which is an FSF-copyrighted collection of tools for software
 
development in C, C++ and other popular languages). FSF investigated the
 
claim, but was unable to confirm the violation. The violation reporter
 
was unresponsive to follow-up requests for more information.
 

	
 
Since FSF was unable to confirm the violation, we did not pursue it any
 
further. Bogus reports do happen, and we do not want to burden companies
 
with specious GPL violation complaints. FSF shelved the matter until
 
more evidence was discovered.
 

	
 
FSF was later able to confirm the violation when two additional reports
 
surfaced from other violation reporters, both of whom had used the SDK
 
professionally and noticed clear similarities to FSF's GNU GCC\@. FSF's
 
Compliance Engineer asked the reporters to run standard tests to confirm
 
the violation, and it was confirmed that Davrik's SDK was indeed a
 
derivative work of GCC\@. Davrik had ported to Windows and added a number
 
of features, including support for a specific consumer device chipset and
 
additional features to aid in the linking process (``LP'') for those
 
specific devices. FSF explained the rights that the GPL afforded these
 
customers and pointed out, for example, that Davrik only needed to provide
 
source to those in possession of the binaries, and that the users may need
 
to request that source (if \S 3(b) was exercised). The violators
 
confirmed that such requests were not answered.
 

	
 
FSF brought the matter to the attention of Davrik, who immediately
 
escalated the matter to their attorneys. After a long negotiation,
 
Davrik acknowledged that their SDK was indeed a derivative work of
 
GCC\@. Davrik released most of the source, but some disagreement
 
occurred over whether LP was a derivate work of GCC\@. After repeated
 
FSF inquiries, Davrik reaudited the source to discover that FSF's
 
analysis was correct. Davrik determined that LP included a number of
 
source files copied from the GCC code-base.
 

	
 
\label{davrik-build-problems}
 
Once the full software release was made available, FSF asked the violation
 
reporters if it addressed the problem. Reports came back that the source
 
did not properly build. FSF asked Davrik to provide better build
 
instructions with the software, and such build instructions were
 
incorporated into the next software release.
 

	
 
At FSF's request as well, Davrik informed customers who had previously
 
purchased the product that the source was now available by announcing
 
the availablity on its Web site and via a customer newsletter.
 

	
 
Davrik did have some concerns regarding patents. They wished to include a
 
statement with the software release that made sure they were not granting
 
any patent permission other than what was absolutely required by GPL\@.
 
They understood that their patent assertions could not trump any rights
 
granted by GPL\@. The following language was negotiated into the release:
 

	
 
\begin{quotation}
 
Subject to the qualifications stated below, Davrik, on behalf of itself
 
and its Subsidiaries, agrees not to assert the Claims against you for your
 
making, use, offer for sale, sale, or importation of the Davrik's GNU
 
Utilities or derivative works of the Davrik's GNU Utilities
 
(``Derivatives''), but only to the extent that any such Derivatives are
 
licensed by you under the terms of the GNU General Public License. The
 
Claims are the claims of patents that Davrik or its Subsidiaries have
 
standing to enforce that are directly infringed by the making, use, or
 
sale of an Davrik Distributed GNU Utilities in the form it was distributed
 
by Davrik and that do not include any limitation that reads on hardware;
 
the Claims do not include any additional patent claims held by Davrik that
 
cover any modifications of, derivative works based on or combinations with
 
the Davrik's GNU Utilities, even if such a claim is disclosed in the same
 
patent as a Claim. Subsidiaries are entities that are wholly owned by
 
Davrik.
 

	
 
This statement does not negate, limit or restrict any rights you already
 
have under the GNU General Public License version 2.
 
\end{quotation}
 

	
 
This quelled Davrik's concerns about other patent licensing they sought to
 
do outside of the GPL'd software, and satisfied FSF's concerns that Davrik
 
give proper permissions to exercise teachings of patents that were
 
exercised in their GPL'd software release.
 

	
 
Finally, a GPL Compliance Officer inside Davrik was appointed to take
 
responsibility for all matters of GPL compliance inside the company.
 
Darvik is responsible for informing FSF if the position is given to
 
someone else inside the company, and making sure that FSF has direct
 
contact with Darvik's Compliance Officer.
 

	
 
\section{Lessons}
 

	
 
This case introduces a number of concepts regarding GPL enforcement.
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\item {\bf Enforcement should not begin until the evidence is confirmed.}
 
  Most companies who distribute GPL'd software do so in compliance, and at
 
  times, violation reports are mistaken. Even with extensive efforts in
 
  GPL education, many users do not fully understand their rights and the
 
  obligations that companies have. By working through the investigation
 
  with reporters, the violation can be properly confirmed, and {\bf the
 
    user of the software can be educated about what to expect with GPL'd
 
    software}. When users and customers of GPL'd products know their
 
  rights, what to expect, and how to properly exercise their rights
 
  (particularly under \S 3(b)), it reduces the chances for user
 
  frustration and inappropriate community outcry about an alleged GPL
 
  violation.
 

	
 
\item {\bf GPL compliance requires friendly negotiation and cooperation.}
 
  Often, attorneys and managers are legitimately surprised to find out
 
  GPL'd software is included in their company's products. Engineers
 
  sometimes include GPL'd software without understanding the requirements.
 
  This does not excuse companies from their obligations under the license,
 
  but it does mean that care and patience are essential for reaching GPL
 
  compliance. We want companies to understand that participating and
 
  benefiting from a collaborative Free Software community is not a burden,
 
  so we strive to make the process of coming into compliance as smooth as
 
  possible.
 

	
 
\item {\bf Confirming compliance is a community effort.}  The whole point
 
  of making sure that software distributors respect the terms of GPL is to
 
  allow a thriving software sharing community to benefit and improve the
 
  work. FSF is not the expert on how a compiler for consumer electronic
 
  devices should work. We therefore inform the community who originally
 
  brought the violation to our attention and ask them to assist in
 
  evaluation and confirmation of the product's compliance. Of course, FSF
 
  coordinates and oversees the process, but we do not want compliance for
 
  compliance's sake; rather, we wish to foster a cooperating community of
 
  development around the Free Software in question, and encourage the
 
  once-violator to begin participating in that community.
 

	
 
\item {\bf Informing the harmed community is part of compliance.} FSF asks
 
  violators to make some attempt --- such as via newsletters and the
 
  company's Web site --- to inform those who already have the products as
 
  to their rights under GPL\@. One of the key thrusts of GPL's \S 1 and
 
  \S 3 is to {\em make sure the user knows she has these rights\/}. If a
 
  product was received out of compliance by a customer, she may never
 
  actually discover that she has such rights. Informing customers, in a
 
  way that is not burdensome but has a high probability of successfully
 
  reaching those who would seek to exercise their freedoms, is essential
 
  to properly remedy the mistake.
 

	
 
\item {\bf Lines between various copyright, patent, and other legal
 
  mechanisms must be precisely defined and considered.}  The most
 
  difficult negotiation point of the Davrik case was drafting language
 
  that simultaneously protected Davrik's patent rights outside of the
 
  GPL'd source, but was consistent with the implicit patent grant in
 
  GPL\@. As we discussed in the first course of this series, there is
 
  indeed an implicit patent grant with GPL, thanks to \S 6 and \S 7.
 
  However, many companies become nervous and wish to make the grant
 
  explicit to assure themselves that the grant is sufficiently narrow for
 
  their needs. We understand that there is no reasonable way to determine
 
  what patent claims read on a company's GPL holdings and which do not, so
 
  we do not object to general language that explicitly narrows the patent
 
  grant to only those patents that were, in fact, exercised by the GPL'd
 
  software as released by the company.
 

	
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 
\chapter{Bracken: a Minor Violation in a GNU/Linux Distribution}
 

	
 
In this case study, we consider a minor violation made by a company whose
 
knowledge of the Free Software community and its functions is deep.
 

	
 
\section{The Facts} 
 

	
 
Bracken produces a GNU/Linux operating system product that is sold
 
primarily to OEM vendors to be placed in appliance devices used for a
 
single purpose, such as an Internet-browsing-only device. The product
 
is almost 100\% Free Software, mostly licensed under GPL and related
 
Free Software licenses.
 

	
 
FSF found out about this violation through a report first posted on a
 
  Slashdot\footnote{Slashdot is a popular news and discussion site for
 
  technical readers.} comment, and then it was brought to our attention again
 
  by another Free Software copyright holder who had discovered the
 
  same violation.
 

	
 
Bracken's GNU/Linux product is delivered directly from their Web site.
 
This allowed FSF engineers to directly download and confirm the
 
violation quickly. Two primary problems were discovered with the
 
online distribution:
 

	
 
\begin{itemize}
 

	
 
\item No source code nor offer for source code was provided for a number
 
  of components for the distributed GNU/Linux system; only binaries were
 
  available
 

	
 
\item An End User License Agreement (``EULA'') was included that
 
  contradicted the permissions granted by GPL\@
 

	
 
\end{itemize}
 

	
 
FSF contacted Bracken and gave them the details of the violation. Bracken
 
immediately ceased distribution of the product temporarily and set forth
 
a plan to bring themselves back into compliance. This plan included the
 
following steps:
 

	
 
\begin{itemize}
 

	
 
\item Bracken attorneys would rewrite the EULA to comply with GPL and
 
  would vet the new EULA through FSF before use
 

	
 
\item Bracken engineers would provide source side-by-side with the
 
  binaries for the GNU/Linux distribution on the site (and on CD's, if
 
  ever they distributed that way)
 

	
 
\item Bracken attorneys would run an internal seminar for its engineers
 
  regarding proper GPL compliance to help ensure that such oversights
 
  regarding source releases would not occur in the future
 

	
 
\item Bracken would resume distribution of the product only after FSF
 
  formally restored Bracken's distribution rights
 
\end{itemize}
 

	
 
This case was completed in about a month. FSF approved the new EULA
 
text. The key portion in the EULA relating to GPL read as follows:
 

	
 
\begin{quotation}
 
Many of the Software Programs included in Bracken Software are distributed
 
under the terms of agreements with Third Parties (``Third Party
 
Agreements'') which may expand or limit the Licensee's rights to use
 
certain Software Programs as set forth in [this EULA]. Certain Software
 
Programs may be licensed (or sublicensed) to Licensee under the GNU
 
General Public License and other similar license agreements listed in part
 
in this section which, among other rights, permit the Licensee to copy,
 
modify and redistribute certain Software Programs, or portions thereof,
 
and have access to the source code of certain Software Programs, or
 
portions thereof. In addition, certain Software Programs, or portions
 
thereof, may be licensed (or sublicensed) to Licensee under terms stricter
 
than those set forth in [this EULA]. The Licensee must review the
 
electronic documentation that accompanies certain Software Programs, or
 
portions thereof, for the applicable Third Party Agreements. To the
 
extent any Third Party Agreements require that Bracken provide rights to
 
use, copy or modify a Software Program that are broader than the rights
 
granted to the Licensee in [this EULA], then such rights shall take
 
precedence over the rights and restrictions granted in this Agreement
 
solely for such Software Programs.
 
\end{quotation}
 

	
 
FSF restored Bracken's distribution rights shortly after the work was
 
completed as described.
 

	
 
\section{Lessons Learned}
 

	
 
This case was probably the most quickly and easily resolved of all GPL
 
violations in the history of FSF's Compliance Lab. The ease with which
 
the problem was resolved shows a number of cultural factors that play a
 
role in GPL compliance.
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\item {\bf Companies that understand Free Software culture better have an
 
  easier time with compliance.}  Bracken's products were designed and
 
  built around the GNU/Linux system and Free Software components. Their
 
  engineers were deeply familiar with the Free Software ecosystem, and
 
  their lawyers had seen and reviewed GPL before. The violation was
 
  completely an honest mistake. Since the culture inside the company had
 
  already adapted to the cooperative style of resolution in the Free
 
  Software world, there was very little work for either party to bring the
 
  product into compliance.
 

	
 
\item {\bf When people in key positions understand the Free Software
 
  nature of their software products, compliance concerns are as
 
  mundane as minor software bugs.}  Even the most functional system or
 
  structure has its problems, and successful business often depends on
 
  agile response to the problems that do come up; avoiding problems
 
  altogether is a pipe dream. Minor GPL violations can and do happen
 
  even with well-informed redistributors. However, resolution is
 
  reached quickly when the company --- and in particular, the lawyers,
 
  managers, and engineers working on the Free Software product lines
 
  --- have adapted to Free Software culture that the lower-level
 
  engineer already understood
 

	
 
\item {\bf Legally, distribution must stop when a violation is
 
  identified.}  In our opinion, Bracken went above and beyond the call of
 
  duty by ceasing distribution while the violation was being resolved.
 
  Under GPL \S 4, the redistributor loses the right to distribute the
 
  software, and thus they are in ongoing violation of copyright law if
 
  they distribute before rights are restored. It is FSF's policy to
 
  temporarily allow distribution while compliance negotiations are ongoing
 
  and only in the most extreme cases (where the other party appears to be
 
  negotiating in bad faith) does FSF even threaten an injunction on
 
  copyright grounds. However, Bracken --- as a good Free Software citizen
 
  --- chose to be on the safe side and do the legally correct thing while
 
  the violation case was pending. From start to finish, it took less
 
  than a month to resolve. This lapse in distribution did not, to FSF's
 
  knowledge, impact Bracken's business in any way.
 

	
 
\item {\bf EULAs are a common area for GPL problems.}  Often, EULAs
 
  are drafted from boilerplate text that a company uses for all its
 
  products. Even the most diligent attorneys forget or simply do not
 
  know that a product contains software licensed under GPL and other
 
  Free Software licenses. Drafting a EULA that accounts for such
 
  licenses is straightforward; the text quoted above works just fine.
 
  The EULA must be designed so that it does not trump rights and
 
  permissions already granted by GPL\@. The EULA must clearly state
 
  that if there is a conflict between it and GPL, with regard to GPL'd
 
  code, the GPL is the overriding license.
 

	
 
\item {\bf Compliance Officers are rarely necessary when companies are
 
  educated about GPL compliance.}  As we saw in the Davrik case, FSF asks
 
  that a formal ``GPL Compliance Officer'' be appointed inside a
 
  previously violating organization to shepherd the organization to a
 
  cooperative approach to GPL compliance. However, when FSF
 
  sees that an organization already has such an approach, there is no
 
  need to request that such an officer be appointed.
 

	
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 

	
 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 
\chapter{Vigorien: Security, Export Controls, and GPL Compliance}
 

	
 
This case study introduces how concerns of ``security through obscurity''
 
and regulatory problems can impact GPL compliance matters.
 

	
 
\section{The Facts}
 

	
 
Vigorien distributes a back-up solution product that allows system
 
administrators to create encrypted backups of file-systems on
 
Unix-like computers. The product is based on GNU tar, a backup utility
 
that replaces the standard Unix utility simply called tar, but has
 
additional features.
 

	
 
Vigorien's backup solution added cryptographic features to GNU tar, and
 
included a suite of utilities and graphical user interfaces surrounding
 
GNU tar to make backups convenient.
 

	
 
FSF discovered the violation from a user report, and determined that the
 
cryptographic features were the only part of the product that constituted
 
a derivative work of GNU tar; the extraneous utilities merely made
 
shell calls out to GNU tar. FSF requested that Vigorien come into
 
compliance with GPL by releasing the source of GNU tar, with the
 
cryptographic modifications, to its customers.
 

	
 
Vigorien released the original GNU tar sources, but kept the cryptographic
 
modifications proprietary. They argued that the security of their system
 
depending on keeping the software proprietary and that regardless, USA
 
export restrictions on cryptographic software prohibited such a release.
 
FSF disputed the first claim, pointing out that Vigorien had only one
 
option if they did not want to release the source: they would have to
 
remove GNU tar from the software and not distribute it further. Vigorien
 
rejected this suggestion, since GNU tar was an integral part of the
 
product, and the security changes were useless without GNU tar.
 

	
 
Regarding the export control claims, FSF proposed a number of options,
 
including release of the source from one of Vigorien's divisions overseas
 
where no such restrictions occurred, but Vigorien argued that the problem
 
was insoluble because they operated primarily in the USA\@.
 

	
 
The deadlock on the second issue was resolved when those cryptographic
 
export restrictions were lifted shortly thereafter, and FSF again raised
 
the matter with Vigorien. At that point, they dropped the first claim and
 
agreed to release the remaining source module to their customers. They
 
did so, and the violation was resolved.
 

	
 

	
 
\section{Lessons Learned}
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\item {\bf Removing the GPL'd portion of the product is always an
 
  option.}  Many violators' first response is to simply refuse to
 
  release the source code as GPL requires. FSF offers the option to
 
  simply remove the GPL'd portions from the product and continue along
 
  without them. Every case where this has been suggested has led to
 
  the same conclusion. Like Vigorien, the violator argues that the
 
  product cannot function without the GPL'd components, and they
 
  cannot effectively replace them.
 

	
 
  Such an outcome is simply further evidence that the combined work in
 
  question is indeed a derivative work of the original GPL'd component.
 
  If the other components cannot stand on their own and be useful without
 
  the GPL'd portions, then one cannot effectively argue that the work as a
 
  whole is not a derivative of the GPL'd portions.
 

	
 
\item {\bf The whole product is not always covered.}  In this case,
 
  Vigorien had additional works aggregated. The backup system was a suite
 
  of utilities, some of which were GPL and some of which were not. While
 
  the cryptographic routines were tightly coupled with GNU tar and clearly
 
  derivative works, the various GUI utilities were separate and
 
  independent works merely aggregated with the distribution of the
 
  GNU-tar-based product.
 

	
 

	
 
\item {\bf ``Security'' concerns do not exonerate a distributor from GPL
 
  obligations, and ``security through obscurity'' does not work anyway.}
 
  The argument that ``this is security software, so it cannot be released
 
  in source form'' is not a valid defense for explaining why the terms of
 
  the GPL are ignored. If companies do not want to release source code
 
  for some reason, then they should not base the work on GPL'd software.
 
  No external argument for noncompliance can hold weight if the work as
 
  whole is indeed a derivative work of a GPL'd program.
 

	
 
  The ``security concerns'' argument is often floated as a reason to keep
 
  software proprietary, but the computer security community has on
 
  numerous occasions confirmed that such arguments are entirely specious.
 
  Security experts have found --- since the beginnings of the field of
 
  cryptography in the ancient world --- that sharing results about systems
 
  and having such systems withstand peer review and scrutiny builds the
 
  most secure systems. While full disclosure may help some who wish to
 
  compromise security, it helps those who want to fix problems even more
 
  by identifying them early.
 

	
 
\item {\bf External regulatory problems can be difficult to resolve.}
 
  GPL, though grounded in copyright law, does not have the power to trump
 
  regulations like export controls. While Vigorien's ``security
 
  concerns'' were specious, their export control concerns were not. It is
 
  indeed a difficult problem that FSF acknowledges. We want compliance
 
  with GPL and respect for users' freedoms, but we certainly do not expect
 
  companies to commit criminal offenses for the sake of compliance. We
 
  will see more about this issue in our next case study.
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 

	
 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 
\chapter{Haxil, Polgara, and Thesulac: Mergers, Upstream Providers and Radio Devices}
 

	
 
This case study considers an ongoing (at the time of writing) violation
 
that has occurred. By the end of the investigation period, three
 
companies were involved and many complex issues arose.
 

	
 
\section{The Facts}
 

	
 
Haxil produced a consumer electronics device which included a mini
 
GNU/Linux distribution to control the device. The device was of interest
 
to many technically-minded consumers, who purchased the device and very
 
quickly discovered that Free Software was included without source.
 
Mailing lists throughout the Free Software community erupted with
 
complaints about the problem, and FSF quickly investigated.
 

	
 
FSF confirmed that FSF-copyrighted GPL'd software was included. In
 
addition, the whole distribution included GPL'd works from hundreds of
 
individual copyright holders, many of whom were, at this point, up in
 
arms about the violation.
 

	
 
Meanwhile, Haxil was in the midst of being acquired by Polgara. Polgara
 
was as surprised as everyone else to discover the product was based on
 
GPL'd software; this fact had not been part of the disclosures made during
 
acquisition. FSF contacted Haxil, Polgara, and the product managers
 
who had transitioned into the ``Haxil division'' of the newly-merged
 
Polgara company. Polgara's General Counsel's office worked with FSF on
 
the matter.
 

	
 
FSF formed a coalition with the other primary copyright holders
 
to pursue the enforcement effort on their behalf. FSF communicated
 
directly with Polgara's representatives to begin working through the
 
issues on behalf of itself and the Free Software community at large.
 

	
 
Polgara pointed out that the software distribution they used was mostly
 
contributed by an upstream provider, Thesulac, and Haxil's changes to that
 
code base were minimal. Polgara negotiated with Thesulac to obtain the
 
source, although the issue moved very slowly in the channels between
 
Polgara and Thesulac.
 

	
 
FSF encouraged a round-table meeting so that high bandwidth communication
 
could occur between FSF, Polgara and Thesulac. Polgara and Thesulac
 
agreed, and that discussion began. Thesulac provided nearly complete
 
sources to Polgara, and Polgara made a full software release on their
 
Web site. At the time of writing, that software still has some build
 
problems (similar to those that occurred with Davrik, as described in
 
Section~\ref{davrik-build-problems}). FSF continues to negotiate with
 
Polgara and Thesulac to resolve these problems, which have a clear path to
 
a solution and are expected to resolve.
 

	
 
Similar to the Vigorien case, Thesulac has regulatory concerns. In this
 
case, it is not export controls --- an issue that has since been resolved
 
--- but radio spectrum regulation. Since this consumer electronic device
 
contains a software-programmable radio transmitter, regulations in (at
 
least) the USA and Japan prohibit release of those portions of the code
 
that operate the device. Since this is a low-level programming issue, the
 
changes to operate the device are a derivative work of the kernel named
 
Linux. This situation remains unresolved at the time of writing, although
 
FSF continues to negotiation with Thesulac and the Linux community
 
regarding the problem.
 

	
 
\section{Lessons Learned}
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\item {\bf Community outrage, while justified, can often make negotiation
 
  more difficult.}  FSF has a strong policy never to publicize names of
 
  GPL violators if they are negotiating in a friendly way and operating in
 
  good faith toward compliance. Most violations are honest mistakes, and
 
  FSF sees no reason to publicly admonish violators who genuinely want to
 
  come into compliance with GPL and to work hard staying in compliance.
 

	
 
  This case was so public in the Free Software community that both Haxil's
 
  and Polgara's representatives were nearly shell-shocked by the time FSF
 
  began negotiations. There was much work required to diffuse the
 
  situation. We empathize with our community and their outrage about GPL
 
  violations, but we also want to follow a path that leads expediently
 
  to compliance. In our experience, public outcry works best as a last
 
  resort, not the first.
 

	
 
\item {\bf For software companies, GPL compliance belongs on a corporate
 
  acquisition checklist. }  Polgara was truly amazed that Haxil had used
 
  GPL'd software in a major new product line but never informed Polgara
 
  during the acquisition process. While GPL compliance is not a
 
  particularly difficult matter, it is an additional obligation that comes
 
  along with the product line. When planning mergers and joint ventures,
 
  one should include lists of GPL'd components contained in the products
 
  discussed.
 

	
 
\item {\bf Compliance problems of upstream providers do not excuse a
 
  violation for the downstream distributor.}  To paraphrase \S 6, upstream
 
  providers are not responsible for enforcing compliance of their
 
  downstream, nor are downstream distributors responsible for compliance
 
  problems of upstream providers. However, engaging in distribution of
 
  GPL'd works out of compliance is still just that: a compliance problem.
 
  When FSF carries out enforcement, we are patient and sympathetic when
 
  the problem appears to be upstream. In fact, we urge the violator to
 
  point us to the upstream provider so we may talk to them directly. In
 
  this case, we were happy to begin negotiations with Thesulac. However,
 
  Polgara still has an obligation to bring their product into compliance,
 
  regardless of Thesulac's response.
 

	
 
\item {\bf It behooves upstream providers to advise downstream
 
  distributors about compliance matters.}  FSF has encouraged Thesulac to
 
  distribute a ``good practices for GPL compliance'' document with their
 
  product. Polgara added various software components to Thesulac's
 
  product, and it is conceivable that such additions can introduce
 
  compliance. In FSF's opinion, Thesulac is in no way legally responsible
 
  for such a violation introduced by their customer, but it behooves them
 
  from a marketing standpoint to educate their customers about using the
 
  product. We can argue whether or not it is your coffee vendor's fault
 
  if you burn yourself with their product, but (likely) no one on either
 
  side would dispute the prudence of placing a ``caution: hot'' label on
 
  the cup.
 

	
 
\item {\bf FSF enforcement often avoids redundant enforcement cases from
 
  many parties.}  Most Free Software systems have hundreds of copyright
 
  holders. Some have thousands. FSF is in a unique position as one of
 
  the largest single copyright holders on GPL'd software and as a
 
  respected umpire in the community, neutrally enforcing the rules of the
 
  GPL road. FSF works hard in the community to convince copyright
 
  holders that consolidating GPL claims through FSF is better for them,
 
  and more likely to yield positive compliance results.
 

	
 
  A few copyright holders engage in the ``proprietary relicensing''
 
  business, so they use GPL enforcement as a sales channel for that
 
  business. FSF, as a community-oriented, not-for-profit organization,
 
  seeks only to preserve the freedom of Free Software in its enforcement
 
  efforts. As it turns out, most of the community of copyright holders
 
  of Free Software want the same thing. Share and share alike is a
 
  simple rule to follow, and following that rule to FSF's satisfaction
 
  usually means you are following it to the satisfaction of the entire
 
  Free Software community.
 

	
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 
\chapter{Good Practices for Compliance}
 

	
 
Generally, from the experience of GPL enforcement, we glean the following
 
general practices that can help in GPL compliance for organizations that
 
distribute products based on GPL'd software:
 

	
 
\begin{itemize}
 

	
 
\item Talk to your software engineers and ask them where they got the
 
  components they use in the products they build. Find out if GPL'd
 
  components are present.
 

	
 
\item Teach your engineering staff to pay attention to license documents.
 
  Give them easy-to-follow policies to get approval for using a Free
 
  Software component.
 

	
 
\item Build a ``Free Software Licensing'' committee that handles requests
 
  and questions about GPL and other Free Software licenses.
 

	
 
\item Add ``What parts of your products are under GPL or other Free
 
  Software licenses?'' to your checklist of questions to ask when you
 
  consider mergers, acquisitions, or joint ventures.
 

	
 
\item Encourage your engineers to participate collaboratively with GPL'd
 
  software development. The more knowledge about the Free Software world
 
  your organization has, the better equipped it is to deal with this
 
  rapidly changing field.
 

	
 
\item When someone points out a potential GPL violation in one of your
 
  products, do not assume the product line is doomed. GPL is not a virus;
 
  merely having GPL'd code in one part of a product does not necessarily
 
  mean that every related product must also be GPL'd. And, even if some
 
  software needs to be released that was not before, the product will
 
  surely survive. In FSF's enforcement efforts, we have not yet
 
  seen a product line die because source was released to customers in
 
  compliance with GPL.
 

	
 
\end{itemize}
 

	
 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 

	
 
\backmatter
 

	
 
\appendix
 

	
 
\chapter{The GNU General Public License}
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\parindent 0in
 

	
 
Version 2, June 1991
 

	
 
Copyright \copyright\ 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 

	
 
\bigskip
 

	
 
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA
 

	
 
\bigskip
 

	
 
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
 
}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\bf\large Preamble}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 

	
 
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
 
to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
 
intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change Free
 
Software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
 
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
 
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
 
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
 
the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
 
your programs, too.
 

	
 
When we speak of Free Software, we are referring to freedom, not price.
 
Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the
 
freedom to distribute copies of Free Software (and charge for this service
 
if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it,
 
that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new Free programs;
 
and that you know you can do these things.
 

	
 
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to
 
deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These
 
restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
 
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
 

	
 
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or
 
for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You
 
must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And
 
you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
 

	
 
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2)
 
offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
 
distribute and/or modify the software.
 

	
 
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that
 
everyone understands that there is no warranty for this Free Software. If
 
the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its
 
recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any
 
problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors'
 
reputations.
 

	
 
Finally, any Free program is threatened constantly by software patents.
 
We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a Free program will
 
individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program
 
proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must
 
be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
 

	
 
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
 
modification follow.
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\Large \sc Terms and Conditions For Copying, Distribution and
 
  Modification}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\addtocounter{enumi}{-1}
 
\item
 

	
 
This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice
 
placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the
 
terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below, refers to
 
any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' means either
 
the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a
 
work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with
 
modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter,
 
translation is included without limitation in the term ``modification.'')
 
Each licensee is addressed as ``you.''
 

	
 
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
 
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
 
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
 
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
 
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
 
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
 

	
 
\item You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source
 
  code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously
 
  and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice
 
  and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to
 
  this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other
 
  recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
 

	
 
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you
 
may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
 
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
 
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
 
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that
 
you changed the files and the date of any change.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
 
whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
 
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
 
parties under the terms of this License.
 

	
 
\item
 
If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
 
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
 
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
 
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
 
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
 
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
 
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
 
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
 
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
 
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
 

	
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 

	
 
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
 
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
 
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
 
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
 
sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
 
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
 
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
 
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
 
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
 

	
 
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
 
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
 
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
 
collective works based on the Program.
 

	
 
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
 
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
 
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
 
the scope of this License.
 

	
 
\item
 
You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
 
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
 
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
 
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
 
1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
 
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
 
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
 
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
 
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
 
customarily used for software interchange; or,
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
 
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
 
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
 
received the program in object code or executable form with such
 
an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
 

	
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 

	
 
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
 
making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
 
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
 
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
 
control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
 
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
 
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
 
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
 
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
 
itself accompanies the executable.
 

	
 
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
 
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
 
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
 
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
 
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
 

	
 
\item
 
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
 
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
 
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
 
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
 
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
 
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
 
parties remain in full compliance.
 

	
 
\item
 
You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
 
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
 
distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
 
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
 
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
 
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
 
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
 
the Program or works based on it.
 

	
 
\item
 
Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
 
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
 
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
 
these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
 
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
 
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
 
this License.
 

	
 
\item
 
If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
 
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
 
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
 
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
 
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
 
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
 
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
 
may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
 
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
 
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
 
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
 
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
 

	
 
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
 
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
 
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
 
circumstances.
 

	
 
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
 
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
 
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
 
integrity of the Free Software distribution system, which is
 
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
 
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
 
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
 
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
 
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
 
impose that choice.
 

	
 
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
 
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
 

	
 
\item
 
If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
 
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
 
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
 
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
 
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
 
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
 
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
 

	
 
\item
 
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
 
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
 
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
 
address new problems or concerns.
 

	
 
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
 
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
 
later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions
 
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
 
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
 
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
 
Foundation.
 

	
 
\item
 
If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
 
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
 
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
 
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
 
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
 
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our Free Software and
 
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\Large\sc
 
No Warranty
 
}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 
\item
 
{\sc Because the program is licensed free of charge, there is no warranty
 
for the program, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Except when
 
otherwise stated in writing the copyright holders and/or other parties
 
provide the program ``as is'' without warranty of any kind, either expressed
 
or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of
 
merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk as
 
to the quality and performance of the program is with you. Should the
 
program prove defective, you assume the cost of all necessary servicing,
 
repair or correction.}
 

	
 
\item
 
{\sc In no event unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing
 
will any copyright holder, or any other party who may modify and/or
 
redistribute the program as permitted above, be liable to you for damages,
 
including any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising
 
out of the use or inability to use the program (including but not limited
 
to loss of data or data being rendered inaccurate or losses sustained by
 
you or third parties or a failure of the program to operate with any other
 
programs), even if such holder or other party has been advised of the
 
possibility of such damages.}
 

	
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\Large\sc End of Terms and Conditions}
 
\end{center}
 
\vfill
 

	
 
\pagebreak[4]
 

	
 
\section*{Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs}
 

	
 
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
 
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
 
Free Software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
 
terms.
 

	
 
  To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to
 
  attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey
 
  the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
 
  ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
 

	
 
\begin{quote}
 
one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does. \\
 
Copyright (C) yyyy  name of author \\
 

	
 
This program is Free Software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 
(at your option) any later version.
 

	
 
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
 
GNU General Public License for more details.
 

	
 
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA.
 
\end{quote}
 

	
 
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
 

	
 
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
 
when it starts in an interactive mode:
 

	
 
\begin{quote}
 
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) yyyy  name of author \\
 
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. \\
 
This is Free Software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
 
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
 
\end{quote}
 

	
 

	
 
The hypothetical commands {\tt show w} and {\tt show c} should show the
 
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands
 
you use may be called something other than {\tt show w} and {\tt show c};
 
they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever suits your
 
program.
 

	
 
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
 
school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
 
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
 

	
 
\begin{quote}
 
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program \\
 
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. \\
 

	
 
signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989 \\
 
Ty Coon, President of Vice
 
\end{quote}
 

	
 

	
 
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
 
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
 
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications
 
with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library
 
General Public License instead of this License.
 

	
 

	
 
\chapter{The GNU Lesser General Public License}
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\parindent 0in
 

	
 
Version 2.1, February 1999
 

	
 
Copyright \copyright\ 1991, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 

	
 
\bigskip
 

	
 
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA
 

	
 
\bigskip
 

	
 
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
 

	
 
\bigskip
 

	
 
[This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL. It also counts
 
 as the successor of the GNU Library Public License version 2, hence
 
 the version number 2.1.]
 
}
 

	
 
\end{center}
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\bf\large Preamble}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to
 
share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public Licenses are
 
intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change Free Software---to
 
make sure the software is free for all its users.
 

	
 
This license, the Lesser General Public License, applies to some specially
 
designated software packages---typically libraries---of the Free Software
 
Foundation and other authors who decide to use it. You can use it too,
 
but we suggest you first think carefully about whether this license or the
 
ordinary General Public License is the better strategy to use in any
 
particular case, based on the explanations below.
 

	
 
When we speak of Free Software, we are referring to freedom of use, not
 
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
 
have the freedom to distribute copies of Free Software (and charge for
 
this service if you wish); that you receive source code or can get it if
 
you want it; that you can change the software and use pieces of it in new
 
Free programs; and that you are informed that you can do these things.
 

	
 
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
 
distributors to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender these
 
rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you
 
if you distribute copies of the library or if you modify it.
 

	
 
For example, if you distribute copies of the library, whether gratis or
 
for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that we gave you.
 
You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. If
 
you link other code with the library, you must provide complete object
 
files to the recipients, so that they can relink them with the library
 
after making changes to the library and recompiling it. And you must show
 
them these terms so they know their rights.
 

	
 
We protect your rights with a two-step method: (1) we copyright the
 
library, and (2) we offer you this license, which gives you legal
 
permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the library.
 

	
 
To protect each distributor, we want to make it very clear that there is
 
no warranty for the Free library. Also, if the library is modified by
 
someone else and passed on, the recipients should know that what they have
 
is not the original version, so that the original author's reputation will
 
not be affected by problems that might be introduced by others.
 

	
 
Finally, software patents pose a constant threat to the existence of any
 
Free program. We wish to make sure that a company cannot effectively
 
restrict the users of a Free program by obtaining a restrictive license
 
from a patent holder. Therefore, we insist that any patent license
 
obtained for a version of the library must be consistent with the full
 
freedom of use specified in this license.
 

	
 
Most GNU software, including some libraries, is covered by the ordinary
 
GNU General Public License. This license, the GNU Lesser General Public
 
License, applies to certain designated libraries, and is quite different
 
from the ordinary General Public License. We use this license for certain
 
libraries in order to permit linking those libraries into non-Free
 
programs.
 

	
 
When a program is linked with a library, whether statically or using a
 
shared library, the combination of the two is legally speaking a combined
 
work, a derivative of the original library. The ordinary General Public
 
License therefore permits such linking only if the entire combination fits
 
its criteria of freedom. The Lesser General Public License permits more
 
lax criteria for linking other code with the library.
 

	
 
We call this license the ``Lesser'' General Public License because it does
 
Less to protect the user's freedom than the ordinary General Public
 
License. It also provides other Free Software developers Less of an
 
advantage over competing non-Free programs. These disadvantages are the
 
reason we use the ordinary General Public License for many libraries.
 
However, the Lesser license provides advantages in certain special
 
circumstances.
 

	
 
For example, on rare occasions, there may be a special need to encourage
 
the widest possible use of a certain library, so that it becomes a
 
de-facto standard. To achieve this, non-Free programs must be allowed to
 
use the library. A more frequent case is that a Free library does the
 
same job as widely used non-Free libraries. In this case, there is little
 
to gain by limiting the Free library to Free Software only, so we use the
 
Lesser General Public License.
 

	
 
In other cases, permission to use a particular library in non-Free
 
programs enables a greater number of people to use a large body of Free
 
software. For example, permission to use the GNU C Library in non-Free
 
programs enables many more people to use the whole GNU operating system,
 
as well as its variant, the GNU/Linux operating system.
 

	
 
Although the Lesser General Public License is Less protective of the
 
users' freedom, it does ensure that the user of a program that is linked
 
with the library has the freedom and the wherewithal to run that program
 
using a modified version of the library.
 

	
 
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
 
modification follow. Pay close attention to the difference between a
 
``work based on the library'' and a ``work that uses the library.''  The
 
former contains code derived from the library, whereas the latter must be
 
combined with the library in order to run.
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\Large \sc GNU Lesser General Public License} \\
 
{\Large \sc Terms and Conditions For Copying, Distribution and
 
  Modification}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\addtocounter{enumi}{-1}
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
This License Agreement applies to any software library or other program
 
which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder or other authorized
 
party saying it may be distributed under the terms of this Lesser General
 
Public License (also called ``this License''). Each licensee is addressed
 
as ``you.''
 

	
 
A ``library'' means a collection of software functions and/or data
 
prepared so as to be conveniently linked with application programs (which
 
use some of those functions and data) to form executables.
 

	
 
The ``library,'' below, refers to any such software library or work which
 
has been distributed under these terms. A ``work based on the library''
 
means either the library or any derivative work under copyright law: that
 
is to say, a work containing the library or a portion of it, either
 
verbatim or with modifications and/or translated straightforwardly into
 
another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without
 
limitation in the term ``modification.'')
 

	
 
``Source code'' for a work means the preferred form of the work for making
 
modifications to it. For a library, complete source code means all the
 
source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface
 
definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and
 
installation of the library.
 

	
 
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
 
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running a
 
program using the library is not restricted, and output from such a
 
program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
 
library (independent of the use of the library in a tool for writing it).
 
Whether that is true depends on what the library does and what the program
 
that uses the library does.
 
  
 
\item 
 

	
 
You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the library's complete
 
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
 
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
 
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices
 
that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and
 
distribute a copy of this License along with the library.
 

	
 
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy,
 
and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a
 
fee.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
You may modify your copy or copies of the library or any portion of it,
 
thus forming a work based on the library, and copy and distribute such
 
modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that
 
you also meet all of these conditions:
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
  \item
 

	
 
    The modified work must itself be a software library.
 

	
 
  \item
 

	
 
    You must cause the files modified to carry prominent notices stating
 
    that you changed the files and the date of any change.
 

	
 
  \item
 

	
 
    You must cause the whole of the work to be licensed at no charge to
 
    all third parties under the terms of this License.
 

	
 
  \item 
 
    If a facility in the modified library refers to a function or a table
 
    of data to be supplied by an application program that uses the
 
    facility, other than as an argument passed when the facility is
 
    invoked, then you must make a good faith effort to ensure that, in the
 
    event an application does not supply such function or table, the
 
    facility still operates, and performs whatever part of its purpose
 
    remains meaningful.
 

	
 
(For example, a function in a library to compute square roots has a
 
purpose that is entirely well-defined independent of the application.
 
Therefore, Subsection 2d requires that any application-supplied function
 
or table used by this function must be optional: if the application does
 
not supply it, the square root function must still compute square roots.)
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable
 
sections of that work are not derived from the library, and can be
 
reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then
 
this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you
 
distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same
 
sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the library, the
 
distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose
 
permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to
 
each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
 

	
 
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your
 
rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise
 
the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works
 
based on the library.
 

	
 
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the library
 
with the library (or with a work based on the library) on a volume of a
 
storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the
 
scope of this License.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
You may opt to apply the terms of the ordinary GNU General Public License
 
instead of this License to a given copy of the library. To do this, you
 
must alter all the notices that refer to this License, so that they refer
 
to the ordinary GNU General Public License version 2, instead of to this
 
License. (If a newer version than version 2 of the ordinary GNU General
 
Public License has appeared, then you can specify that version instead if
 
you wish.)  Do not make any other change in these notices.
 

	
 
Once this change is made in a given copy, it is irreversible for that
 
copy, so the ordinary GNU General Public License applies to all subsequent
 
copies and derivative works made from that copy.
 

	
 
This option is useful when you wish to copy part of the code of the
 
library into a program that is not a library.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
You may copy and distribute the library (or a portion or derivative of it,
 
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
 
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you accompany it with the complete
 
corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed
 
under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for
 
software interchange.
 

	
 
If distribution of object code is made by offering access to copy from a
 
designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code
 
from the same place satisfies the requirement to distribute the source
 
code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along
 
with the object code.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
A program that contains no derivative of any portion of the library, but
 
is designed to work with the library by being compiled or linked with it,
 
is called a ``work that uses the library.''  Such a work, in isolation, is
 
not a derivative work of the library, and therefore falls outside the
 
scope of this License.
 

	
 
However, linking a ``work that uses the library'' with the library creates
 
an executable that is a derivative of the library (because it contains
 
portions of the library), rather than a ``work that uses the library.''
 
The executable is therefore covered by this License. Section 6 states
 
terms for distribution of such executables.
 

	
 
When a ``work that uses the library'' uses material from a header file
 
that is part of the library, the object code for the work may be a
 
derivative work of the library even though the source code is not.
 
Whether this is true is especially significant if the work can be linked
 
without the library, or if the work is itself a library. The threshold
 
for this to be true is not precisely defined by law.
 

	
 
If such an object file uses only numerical parameters, data structure
 
layouts and accessors, and small macros and small inline functions (ten
 
lines or less in length), then the use of the object file is unrestricted,
 
regardless of whether it is legally a derivative work. (Executables
 
containing this object code plus portions of the library will still fall
 
under Section 6.)
 

	
 
Otherwise, if the work is a derivative of the library, you may distribute
 
the object code for the work under the terms of Section 6. Any
 
executables containing that work also fall under Section 6, whether or not
 
they are linked directly with the library itself.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
As an exception to the Sections above, you may also combine or link a
 
``work that uses the library'' with the library to produce a work
 
containing portions of the library, and distribute that work under terms
 
of your choice, provided that the terms permit modification of the work
 
for the customer's own use and reverse engineering for debugging such
 
modifications.
 

	
 
You must give prominent notice with each copy of the work that the library
 
is used in it and that the library and its use are covered by this
 
License. You must supply a copy of this License. If the work during
 
execution displays copyright notices, you must include the copyright
 
notice for the library among them, as well as a reference directing the
 
user to the copy of this License. Also, you must do one of these things:
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
  \item
 

	
 
    Accompany the work with the complete corresponding machine-readable
 
    source code for the library including whatever changes were used in
 
    the work (which must be distributed under Sections 1 and 2 above);
 
    and, if the work is an executable linked with the library, with the
 
    complete machine-readable ``work that uses the library,'' as object
 
    code and/or source code, so that the user can modify the library and
 
    then relink to produce a modified executable containing the modified
 
    library. (It is understood that the user who changes the contents of
 
    definitions files in the library will not necessarily be able to
 
    recompile the application to use the modified definitions.)
 

	
 
  \item
 

	
 
    Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the library.
 
    A suitable mechanism is one that (1) uses at run time a copy of the
 
    library already present on the user's computer system, rather than
 
    copying library functions into the executable, and (2) will operate
 
    properly with a modified version of the library, if the user installs
 
    one, as long as the modified version is interface-compatible with the
 
    version that the work was made with.
 

	
 
  \item
 

	
 
    Accompany the work with a written offer, valid for at least three
 
    years, to give the same user the materials specified in Subsection 6a,
 
    above, for a charge no more than the cost of performing this
 
    distribution.
 

	
 
  \item
 

	
 
    If distribution of the work is made by offering access to copy from a
 
    designated place, offer equivalent access to copy the above specified
 
    materials from the same place.
 

	
 
  \item
 

	
 
    Verify that the user has already received a copy of these materials or
 
    that you have already sent this user a copy.
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 
For an executable, the required form of the ``work that uses the library''
 
must include any data and utility programs needed for reproducing the
 
executable from it. However, as a special exception, the materials to be
 
distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in
 
either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel,
 
and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless
 
that component itself accompanies the executable.
 

	
 
It may happen that this requirement contradicts the license restrictions
 
of other proprietary libraries that do not normally accompany the
 
operating system. Such a contradiction means you cannot use both them and
 
the library together in an executable that you distribute.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
You may place library facilities that are a work based on the library
 
side-by-side in a single library together with other library facilities
 
not covered by this License, and distribute such a combined library,
 
provided that the separate distribution of the work based on the library
 
and of the other library facilities is otherwise permitted, and provided
 
that you do these two things:
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
   \item
 

	
 
     Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based on
 
     the library, uncombined with any other library facilities. This must
 
     be distributed under the terms of the Sections above.
 

	
 
   \item
 

	
 
     Give prominent notice with the combined library of the fact that part
 
     of it is a work based on the library, and explaining where to find
 
     the accompanying uncombined form of the same work.
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
  You may not copy, modify, sublicense, link with, or distribute the
 
  library except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
 
  otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, link with, or distribute the
 
  library is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
 
  License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you
 
  under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as
 
  such parties remain in full compliance.
 

	
 
\item  
 

	
 
  You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed
 
  it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute
 
  the library or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by
 
  law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or
 
  distributing the library (or any work based on the library), you
 
  indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and
 
  conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the library or works
 
  based on it.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
  Each time you redistribute the library (or any work based on the
 
  library), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
 
  original licensor to copy, distribute, link with or modify the library
 
  subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
 
  restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
 
  You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with
 
  this License.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
  If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
 
  infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
 
  conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
 
  otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
 
  excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
 
  distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
 
  License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
 
  may not distribute the library at all. For example, if a patent license
 
  would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the library by all those
 
  who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way
 
  you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely
 
  from distribution of the library.
 

	
 
  If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
 
  any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
 
  apply, and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
 
  circumstances.
 

	
 
  It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
 
  patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
 
  such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
 
  integrity of the Free Software distribution system which is implemented
 
  by public license practices. Many people have made generous
 
  contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that
 
  system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to
 
  the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute
 
  software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that
 
  choice.
 

	
 
  This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be
 
  a consequence of the rest of this License.
 

	
 
% \pagebreak[4]
 

	
 

	
 
\item 
 

	
 
  If the distribution and/or use of the library is restricted in certain
 
  countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original
 
  copyright holder who places the library under this License may add an
 
  explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries,
 
  so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus
 
  excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if
 
  written in the body of this License.
 

	
 
\item 
 

	
 
  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
 
  the Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new versions
 
  will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
 
  detail to address new problems or concerns.
 

	
 
  Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the library
 
  specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
 
  later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and
 
  conditions either of that version or of any later version published by
 
  the Free Software Foundation. If the library does not specify a license
 
  version number, you may choose any version ever published by the Free
 
  Software Foundation.
 

	
 

	
 
\item
 
  
 

	
 
  If you wish to incorporate parts of the library into other Free programs
 
  whose distribution conditions are incompatible with these, write to the
 
  author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the
 
  Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we
 
  sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the
 
  two goals of preserving the Free status of all derivatives of our Free
 
  software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
 

	
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\Large\sc
 
No Warranty
 
}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
{\sc Because the library is licensed free of charge, there is no
 
warranty for the library, to the extent permitted by applicable law.
 
Except when otherwise stated in writing the copyright holders and/or
 
other parties provide the library ``as is'' without warranty of any
 
kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the
 
implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
 
purpose. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the
 
library is with you. should the library prove defective, you assume
 
the cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction.}
 

	
 
% \pagebreak[4]
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
{\sc In no event unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing
 
  will any copyright holder, or any other party who may modify and/or
 
  redistribute the library as permitted above, be liable to you for
 
  damages, including any general, special, incidental or consequential
 
  damages arising out of the use or inability to use the library
 
  (including but not limited to loss of data or data being rendered
 
  inaccurate or losses sustained by you or third parties or a failure of
 
  the library to operate with any other software), even if such holder or
 
  other party has been advised of the possibility of such damages.}
 

	
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\Large\sc End of Terms and Conditions}
 
\end{center}
 
\vfill
 

	
 
\pagebreak[4]
 

	
 
\section*{How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries}
 
           
 
If you develop a new library, and you want it to be of the greatest
 
possible use to the public, we recommend making it Free Software that
 
everyone can redistribute and change. You can do so by permitting
 
redistribution under these terms (or, alternatively, under the terms of
 
the ordinary General Public License).
 

	
 
To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library. It is
 
safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
 
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
 
``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
 

	
 
\begin{quote}
 
one line to give the library's name and a brief idea of what it does. \\
 
Copyright (C) year  name of author \\
 

	
 
This library is Free Software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 
under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
 
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
 
your option) any later version.
 

	
 
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
 
or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public
 
License for more details.
 

	
 
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 
along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 
Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
 
\end{quote}
 

	
 
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
 

	
 
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
 
school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the library, if
 
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
 

	
 
\begin{quote}
 
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program \\
 
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. \\
 

	
 
signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1990 \\
 
Ty Coon, President of Vice
 
\end{quote}
 

	
 
That's all there is to it!
 

	
 
\end{document}
 

	
 
% LocalWords:  proprietarize redistributors sublicense yyyy Gnomovision EULAs
 
% LocalWords:  Yoyodyne FrontPage improvers Berne copyrightable Stallman's GPLs
 
% LocalWords:  Lessig Lessig's UCITA pre PDAs CDs reshifts GPL's Gentoo glibc
 
% LocalWords:  TrollTech administrivia LGPL's MontaVista OpenTV Mitek Arce DVD
 
% LocalWords:  unprotectable protectable Unfreedonia chipset CodeSourcery Iqtel
 
% LocalWords:  impermissibly Bateman faire minimis Borland uncopyrightable Mgmt
 
% LocalWords:  franca downloadable Davrik Davrik's Darvik
 
% LocalWords:  Slashdot sublicensed Vigorien Vigorien's Haxil Polgara
 
% LocalWords:  Thesulac Polgara's Haxil's Thesulac's SDK CD's
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