For example, consider the Samba file server system that allows Unix-like

systems (including GNU/Linux) to serve files to Microsoft Windows systems.

Two graduate students originally developed Samba in their spare time and

it was deployed noncommercially in academic environments\footnote{See

  \href{http://turtle.ee.ncku.edu.tw/docs/samba/history}{Andrew Tridgell's

soon for-profit companies discovered that the software could work for them

as well, and their system administrators began to use it in place of

Microsoft Windows NT file-servers.  This served to lower the cost of

running such servers by orders of magnitude. There was suddenly room in

Windows file-server budgets to hire contractors to improve Samba.  Some of

the first people hired to do such work were those same two graduate

implementation that assured software freedom for all.  However, RMS saw that

using a license that gave but did not assure software freedom would be

counter to the goals of the GNU project.  RMS invented ``copyleft'' as an

answer to that problem, and began using various copyleft licenses for the

early GNU project programs\footnote{RMS writes more fully about this topic in

  his essay entitled simply

    For those who want to hear the story in his own voice,

    \href{http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/}{speech recordings} of his talk,

    \textit{The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux Operating System}

    are also widely available}.

\section{Proto-GPLs And Their Impact}

\section{The GNU General Public License, Version 1}

In January 1989, the FSF announced that the GPL had been converted into a

``subroutine'' that could be reused not just for all FSF-copyrighted

programs, but also by anyone else.  As the FSF claimed in its announcement of

the GPLv1\footnote{The announcement of GPLv1 was published in the

  \href{http://www.free-soft.org/gpl_history/}{consolidation of research on

\begin{quotation}

To make it easier to copyleft programs, we have been improving on the

legalbol architecture of the General Public License to produce a new version

that serves as a general-purpose subroutine: it can apply to any program

without modification, no matter who is publishing it.

\end{quotation}