Changeset - 8696eb1b0801
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Bradley Kuhn (bkuhn) - 11 years ago 2014-02-20 17:22:59
bkuhn@ebb.org
This essay is out of date and completely useless now in these materials.

More materials will need to instead be written regarding GPLv3. Section
outlines are already in place for most of that.
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@@ -3406,578 +3406,387 @@ the ordinary General Public License).
 

	
 
To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library. It is
 
safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
 
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
 
``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
 

	
 
\begin{quote}
 
one line to give the library's name and a brief idea of what it does. \\
 
Copyright (C) year  name of author \\
 

	
 
This library is Free Software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 
under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
 
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
 
your option) any later version.
 

	
 
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
 
or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public
 
License for more details.
 

	
 
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 
along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 
Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
 
\end{quote}
 

	
 
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
 

	
 
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
 
school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the library, if
 
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
 

	
 
\begin{quote}
 
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program \\
 
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. \\
 

	
 
signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1990 \\
 
Ty Coon, President of Vice
 
\end{quote}
 

	
 
\chapter{Full Text of The GNU General Public License, version 3}
 
% FIXME
 
\chapter{Full Text of The Affero General Public License, version 3}
 
% FIXME, this is version 1 below.
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\parindent 0in
 

	
 
Version 1, March 2002
 

	
 
Copyright \copyright\ 2002 Affero, Inc.
 

	
 
\bigskip
 

	
 
510 Third Street - Suite 225, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
 

	
 
\bigskip
 

	
 
This license is a modified version of the GNU General Public License
 
copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. made with
 
their permission. Section 2(d) has been added to cover use of software
 
over a computer network.
 

	
 
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
 
}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\bf\large Preamble}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 

	
 

	
 
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
 
to share and change it. By contrast, the Affero General Public License
 
is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
 
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
 
Public License applies to most of Affero's software and to any other
 
program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Affero software
 
is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can
 
apply it to your programs, too.
 

	
 

	
 
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. This General Public License is designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
 

	
 
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
 

	
 
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
 

	
 
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
 

	
 
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
 

	
 
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
 

	
 
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\Large \sc Terms and Conditions For Copying, Distribution and
 
  Modification}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\addtocounter{enumi}{-1}
 
\item
 

	
 
This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
 
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
 
under the terms of this Affero General Public License.  The
 
``Program'', below, refers to any such program or work, and a ``work
 
based on the Program'' means either the Program or any derivative work
 
under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or
 
a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or
 
translated into another language.  (Hereinafter, translation is
 
included without limitation in the term ``modification''.)  Each
 
licensee is addressed as ``you''.
 

	
 
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
 
covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
 
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
 
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
 
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
 
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
 

	
 
\item You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source
 
  code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously
 
  and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice
 
  and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to
 
  this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other
 
  recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
 

	
 
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you
 
may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
 
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
 
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
 
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that
 
you changed the files and the date of any change.
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
 
whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
 
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
 
parties under the terms of this License.
 

	
 
\item
 
If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
 
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
 
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
 
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
 
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
 
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
 
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
 
License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
 
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
 
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
 

	
 
\item
 
\textbf{If the Program as you received it is intended to interact with users
 
through a computer network and if, in the version you received, any
 
user interacting with the Program was given the opportunity to request
 
transmission to that user of the Program's complete source code, you
 
must not remove that facility from your modified version of the
 
Program or work based on the Program, and must offer an equivalent
 
opportunity for all users interacting with your Program through a
 
computer network to request immediate transmission by HTTP of the
 
complete source code of your modified version or other derivative
 
work.}
 

	
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 

	
 
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
 
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
 
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
 
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
 
sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
 
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
 
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
 
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
 
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
 

	
 
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
 
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
 
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
 
collective works based on the Program.
 

	
 
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
 
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
 
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
 
the scope of this License.
 

	
 
\item
 
You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
 
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
 
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
 

	
 
\begin{enumerate}
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
 
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
 
1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
 
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
 
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
 
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
 
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
 
customarily used for software interchange; or,
 

	
 
\item
 

	
 
Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
 
to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
 
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
 
received the program in object code or executable form with such
 
an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
 

	
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 

	
 
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
 
making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
 
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
 
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
 
control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
 
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
 
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
 
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
 
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
 
itself accompanies the executable.
 

	
 
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
 
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
 
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
 
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
 
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
 

	
 
\item
 
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
 
except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
 
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
 
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
 
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
 
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
 
parties remain in full compliance.
 

	
 
\item
 
You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
 
signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
 
distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
 
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
 
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
 
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
 
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
 
the Program or works based on it.
 

	
 
\item
 
Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
 
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
 
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
 
these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
 
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
 
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
 
this License.
 

	
 
\item
 
If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
 
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
 
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
 
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
 
excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
 
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
 
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
 
may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
 
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
 
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
 
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
 
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
 

	
 
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
 
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
 
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
 
circumstances.
 

	
 
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
 
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
 
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
 
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
 
implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
 
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
 
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
 
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
 
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
 
impose that choice.
 

	
 
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
 
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
 

	
 
\item
 
If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
 
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
 
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
 
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
 
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
 
countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
 
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
 

	
 
\item
 
\textbf{Affero Inc. may publish revised and/or new versions of the Affero
 
General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be
 
similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
 
address new problems or concerns.}
 

	
 
\textbf{Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
 
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and
 
``any later version'', you have the option of following the terms and
 
conditions either of that version or of any later version published by
 
Affero, Inc. If the Program does not specify a version number of this
 
License, you may choose any version ever published by Affero, Inc.}
 

	
 
\textbf{You may also choose to redistribute modified versions of this program
 
under any version of the Free Software Foundation's GNU General Public
 
License version 3 or higher, so long as that version of the GNU GPL
 
includes terms and conditions substantially equivalent to those of
 
this license.}
 

	
 
\item
 
If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
 
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
 
author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by
 
Affero, Inc., write to us; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our
 
decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status
 
of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
 
and reuse of software generally.
 

	
 
\begin{center}
 
{\Large\sc
 
No Warranty
 
}
 
\end{center}
 

	
 
\item
 
{\sc Because the program is licensed free of charge, there is no warranty
 
for the program, to the extent permitted by applicable law.  Except when
 
otherwise stated in writing the copyright holders and/or other parties
 
provide the program ``as is'' without warranty of any kind, either expressed
 
or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of
 
merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.  The entire risk as
 
to the quality and performance of the program is with you.  Should the
 
program prove defective, you assume the cost of all necessary servicing,
 
repair or correction.}
 

	
 
\item
 
{\sc In no event unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing
 
will any copyright holder, or any other party who may modify and/or
 
redistribute the program as permitted above, be liable to you for damages,
 
including any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising
 
out of the use or inability to use the program (including but not limited
 
to loss of data or data being rendered inaccurate or losses sustained by
 
you or third parties or a failure of the program to operate with any other
 
programs), even if such holder or other party has been advised of the
 
possibility of such damages.}
 

	
 
\end{enumerate}
 

	
 
That's all there is to it!
 

	
 
\chapter{GPL Version 3: Background to Adoption}
 

	
 
\textbf{\textit{\large{by Richard Stallman and Eben Moglen}}}
 

	
 
\smallskip
 

	
 
The GNU General Public License (``the GPL'') has remained
 
unmodified, at version level 2, since 1991.  This is extraordinary
 
longevity for any widely-employed legal instrument.  The durability of
 
the GPL is even more surprising when one takes into account the
 
differences between the free software movement at the time of version
 
2's release and the situation prevailing in 2005.
 

	
 
Richard M. Stallman, founder of the free software movement and author
 
of the GNU GPL, released version 2 in 1991 after taking legal advice
 
and collecting developer opinion concerning version 1 of the license,
 
which had been in use since 1985.  There was no formal public comment
 
process and no significant interim transition period.  The Free
 
Software Foundation immediately relicensed the components of the GNU
 
Project, which comprised the largest then-existing collection of
 
copyleft software assets.  In Finland, Linus Torvalds adopted GPL
 
Version 2 for his operating system kernel, called Linux.
 

	
 
That was then, and this is now.  The GPL is employed by tens of
 
thousands of software projects around the world, of which the Free
 
Software Foundation's GNU system is a tiny fraction.  The GNU system,
 
when combined with Linus Torvalds' Linux---which has evolved into a
 
flexible, highly-portable, industry-leading operating system kernel
 
--- along with Samba, MySQL, and other GPL'd programs, offers superior
 
reliability and adaptability to Microsoft's operating systems, at
 
nominal cost.  GPL'd software runs on or is embedded in devices
 
ranging from cellphones, PDAs and home networking appliances to
 
mainframes and supercomputing clusters.  Independent software
 
developers around the world, as well as every large corporate IT buyer
 
and seller, and a surprisingly large proportion of individual users,
 
interact with the GPL.
 

	
 
During the period since 1991, of course, there has developed a
 
profusion of free software licenses.  But not in the area covered by
 
the GPL.  The ``share and share alike'' or ``copyleft'' aspect of the
 
GPL is its most important functional characteristic, and those who
 
want to use a copyleft license for software overwhelmingly use the GPL
 
rather than inventing their own.
 

	
 
Updating the GPL is therefore a very different task in 2005 than it
 
was in 1991.  The substantive reasons for revision, and the likely
 
nature of those changes, are subject matter for another essay.  At
 
present we would like to concentrate on the institutional, procedural
 
aspects of changing the license.  Those are complicated by the fact
 
that the GPL serves four distinct purposes.
 

	
 
\section*{The GPL is a Worldwide Copyright License}
 

	
 
As a legal document, the GPL serves a purpose that most legal drafters
 
would do anything possible to avoid: it licenses copyrighted material
 
for modification and redistribution in every one of the world's
 
systems of copyright law.  In general, publishers don't use worldwide
 
copyright licenses; for each system in which their works are
 
distributed, licensing arrangements tailored to local legal
 
requirements are used.  Publishers rarely license redistribution of
 
modified or derivative works; when they do so, those licenses are
 
tailored to the specific setting, factual and legal.  But free
 
software requires legal arrangements that permit copyrighted works to
 
follow arbitrary trajectories, in both geographic and genetic terms.
 
Modified versions of free software works are distributed from hand to
 
hand across borders in a pattern that no copyright holder could
 
possibly trace.
 

	
 
GPL version 2 performed the task of globalization relatively well,
 
because its design was elegantly limited to a minimum set of copyright
 
principles that signatories to the Berne Convention must offer, in one
 
form or another, in their national legislation.  But GPL2 was a
 
license constructed by one US layman and his lawyers, largely
 
concerned with US law.  To the extent possible, and without any
 
fundamental changes, GPL3 should ease internationalization
 
difficulties, more fully approximating the otherwise unsought ideal of
 
the global copyright license.
 

	
 
\section*{The GPL is the Code of Conduct for Free Software Distributors}
 

	
 
Beyond the legal permission that the GPL extends to those who wish to
 
copy, modify, and share free software, the GPL also embodies a code of
 
industry conduct with respect to the practices by which free software
 
is distributed.  Section 3, which explains how to make source code
 
available as required under the license, affects product packaging
 
decisions for those who embed free software in appliances, as well as
 
those who distribute software collections that include both free and
 
unfree software.  Section 7, which concerns the effect of licenses,
 
judgments, and other compulsory legal interventions incompatible with
 
the GPL on the behavior of software distributors, affects patent
 
licensing arrangements in connection with industry standards.  And so
 
on, through a range of interactions between the requirements of the
 
license and evolving practices in the vending of both hardware and
 
software.
 

	
 
The Free Software Foundation, through its maintenance and enforcement
 
of the GPL, has contributed to the evolution of industry behavior
 
patterns beyond its influence as a maker of software.  In revising the
 
GPL, the Foundation is inevitably engaged in altering the rules of the
 
road for enterprises and market participants of many different kinds,
 
with different fundamental interests and radically different levels of
 
market power.  The process of drafting and adopting changes to the
 
license must thus approximate standard-setting, or ``best practices''
 
definition, as well as copyright license drafting.
 

	
 
\section*{The GPL is the Constitution of the Free Software Movement}
 

	
 
The Free Software Foundation has never been reluctant to point out
 
that its goals are primarily social and political, not technical or
 
economic.  The Foundation believes that free software---that is,
 
software that can be freely studied, copied, modified, reused,
 
redistributed and shared by its users---is the only ethically
 
satisfactory form of software development, as free and open scientific
 
research is the only ethically satisfactory context for the conduct of
 
mathematics, physics, or biology.  The Foundation, and those who
 
support its broader work, regard free software as an essential step in
 
a social movement for freer access to knowledge, freer access to
 
facilities of communication, and a more deeply participatory culture,
 
open to human beings with less regard to existing distributions of
 
wealth and social power.  The free software movement has taken
 
advantage of the social conditions of its time to found its program on
 
the creation of vast new wealth, through new systems of cooperation,
 
which can in turn be shared in order to further the creation of new
 
wealth, in a positive feedback loop.
 

	
 
This program is not, of course, universally shared by all the parties
 
who benefit from the exploitation of the new wealth created by free
 
software.  The free software movement has never objected to the
 
indirect benefits accruing to those who differ from the movement's
 
goals: one of the powerful lessons the movement has learned from
 
previous aspects of the long-duration Western movement for freedom of
 
expression is the value of working with, rather than against,
 
conventional economic interests and concerns.  But the movement's own
 
goals cannot be subordinated to the economic interests of our friends
 
and allies in industry, let alone those who occasionally contribute
 
solely for reasons of their own.  Changes to the GPL, for whatever
 
reason they are undertaken, must not undermine the underlying movement
 
for freer exchange of knowledge.  To the extent that the movement has
 
identified technological or legal measures likely to be harmful to
 
freedom, such as ``trusted computing'' or a broadening of the scope of
 
patent law, the GPL needs to address those issues from a perspective
 
of political principle and the needs of the movement, not from primary
 
regard for the industrial or commercial consequences.
 

	
 
\section*{The GPL is the Literary Work of Richard M.\ Stallman}
 

	
 
Some copyright licenses are no doubt known, in the restricted circle
 
of one firm or law office, as the achievement of a single author's
 
acumen or insight.  But it is safe to say that there is no other
 
copyright license in the world that is so strongly identified with the
 
achievements, and the philosophy, of a single public figure.  Mr.\
 
Stallman remains the GPL's author, with as much right to preserve its
 
integrity as a work representative of his intentions as any other
 
author or creator.  Under his guidance, the Free Software Foundation,
 
which holds the copyright of the GPL, will coordinate and direct the
 
process of its modification.
 

	
 
\section*{Conclusion}
 

	
 
The GPL serves, and must continue to serve, multiple purposes.  Those
 
purposes are fundamentally diverse, and they inevitably conflict.
 
Development of GPL version 3 has been an ongoing process within the
 
Free Software Foundation; we, along with our colleagues, have never
 
stopped considering possible modifications.  We have consulted,
 
formally and informally, a very broad array of participants in the
 
free software community, from industry, the academy, and the garage.
 
Those conversations have occurred in many countries and several
 
languages, over almost two decades, as the technology of software
 
development and distribution changed around us.
 

	
 
When a GPLv3 discussion draft is released, the pace of that
 
conversation will change, as a particular proposal becomes the
 
centerpiece.  The Foundation will, before it emits a first discussion
 
draft, publicize the process by which it intends to gather opinion and
 
suggestions.  The Free Software Foundation recognizes that the
 
reversioning of the GPL is a crucial moment in the evolution of the
 
free software community, and the Foundation intends to meet its
 
responsibilities to the makers, distributors and users of free
 
software.  In doing so, we hope to hear all relevant points of view,
 
and to make decisions that reflect the many disparate purposes that
 
the license must serve.  Our primary concern remains, as it has been
 
from the beginning, the creation and protection of freedom.  We
 
recognize that the best protection of freedom is a growing and vital
 
community of the free.  We will use the process of public discussion
 
of GPL3 drafts to support and nurture the community of the free.
 
Proprietary culture imposes both technology and license terms; free
 
software means allowing people to understand, experiment and modify
 
software, as well as getting involved in the discussion of license
 
terms, so that everyone's ideas can contribute to the common good, and
 
the development of each contributes to the development of all.
 

	
 
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