\item Where to find more resources about CC-BY-SA compliance.

\end{itemize}

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% START OF COURSE

Open Publication License (1999; like the FDL it has non-free options),

Free Art License (2000), Open Game License (2000; non-free options),

EFF Open Audio License (2001), LinuxTag Green OpenMusic License (2001;

non-free options) and the QING Public License (2002). Additionally

several copyleft licenses intended for hardware designs were proposed

starting in the late 1990s if not sooner (the GPL was then and is now

At the end of 2002 Creative Commons launched with 11 1.0 licenses

and a public domain dedication. The 11 licenses consisted of every

non-mutually exclusive combination of at least one of the Attribution

(BY), NoDerivatives (ND), NonCommercial (NC), and ShareAlike

(SA) conditions (ND and SA are mutually exclusive; NC and ND are

EU database directive mandating ``sui generis database rights'',

which began to be implemented in member state law starting from

1998. How CC-BY-SA versions address databases is covered below.

\subsection{Aside on share-alike non-free therefore non-copylefts}

Many licenses intended for use with non-software works include the

``share-alike'' aspect of copyleft: if adaptations are distributed,

to comply with the license they must be offered under the same terms.

But some (excluding those discussed above) do not grant users the

equivalent of all four software freedoms. Such licenses aren't

true copylefts, as they retain a prominent exclusive property

right aspect for purposes other than enforcing all four freedoms

for everyone. What these licenses create are ``semicommons'' or

mixed private property/commons regimes, as opposed to the commons

created by all free licenses, and protected by copyleft licenses. One

reason non-free public licenses might be common outside software, but

rare for software, is that software more obviously requires ongoing

or highly asymmetric contributor license agreements, multi-contributor

maintenance quickly creates an ``anticommons'' -- e.g., nobody has

adequate rights to use commercially.

These non-free share-alike licenses often aggravate freedom and

copyleft advocates as the licenses sound attractive, but typically

\chapter{Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike}

The remainder of this tutorial

exclusively concerns the most widespread copyleft license intended

for non-software works, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike

(CC-BY-SA). But, there are actually many CC-BY-SA licenses -- 5

versions (6 if you count version 2.1, a bugfix for a few jurisdiction

``porting'' mistakes), ports to 60 jurisdictions -- 96 distinct

CC-BY-SA licenses in total. After describing CC-BY-SA and how it

differs from the GPL at a high level, we'll have an overview of the

various CC-BY-SA licenses, then a section-by-section walkthrough of